ABSTRACT
Specifying objectives in terms of behaviour which people could observe makes it much easier to judge success. Once specified, such objectives can perform the function of structuring the lecture which is then geared around the achievement of these clear objectives. The principal function of the advance organiser is to bridge the gap between what the learners already know and what they need to know if they are successfully to learn the task in hand. Even when clear structuring devices have been used at the start and throughout a lecture there may still be a need for a special form of summarising or highlighting at the end. Structures may represent the logical relationships between the elements of a lecture and emphasise the way these elements have been built up into the whole, but they may still not contain the overall message of the lecture.
