ABSTRACT
Politically motivated actors operated within a wide range of areas, where the online environment facilitates the activities. All the groups have strong links to the political sphere, and their ideologies underpin actions spanning from war and warfare to activism. Therefore, this chapter conceptualises key political areas and applies them to online concepts. The aim is to gain a differentiated insight into these groups’ underlying motivation and theoretical belonging. Therefore, this chapter outlines both the offline and online categorisations to understand the current typologies. Moreover, this chapter also includes a brief introduction to the online environment, i.e. the Internet, online communities, and the Dark Web.
