ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the contentious social and political processes in the building of a new plurinational state model in Bolivia and Ecuador. Based on detailed analysis of the public declarations of national authorities, indigenous organizations, and indigenous leaders, as well as close scrutiny of laws, policies, regulations, and development plans, it explores the competing meanings of nationalism from the grassroots and from the state centers of power, and the challenges and possibilities of the implementation of plurinational states.
