ABSTRACT
In many ways, pesticides, some of which were created for warfare, represent a war on non-human nature. This chapter examines the large body of research about the impacts of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, on bees. The landscapes in which bees of all species forage and the habitats in which native bees make their home, are increasingly filled with pesticides that many scientists suggest work synergistically to harm bees. In particular, the harms caused to bees by the most widely used class of insecticides in the world, neonicotinoids, are interrogated. While a growing number of people are concerned with the impacts of pesticides on bees, there are questions about both the reliability of the science and the corporatization of scientific research.
