Introduction

Since China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, tariffs on most Chinese imports have been substantially lowered or exempted. That makes it more difficult to achieve the expected goal of “promoting growth and adjusting structure” by formulating corresponding policies simply focused on the overall tariff levels. In 2015, Afghanistan became the 164th member of the WTO, covering most of the world’s countries and regions. From a global perspective, although the tariff levels of different members in WTO have been significantly reduced, the differences in tariff levels and tariff structures of different countries (regions) are still quite striking, which will have a very important impact on international trade. De-globalization and trade protectionism rose since 2016, with the U.K.’s withdrawal from the E.U., Trump’s successful election as US President, the end of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), and increasing inter-country and interregional trade frictions.