Conclusion

Using criteria based on the methodological tenants of the “new Latin American Marxism”, namely, intersubjectivity, popular education and state transformation, the conclusion provides a comparative reflection on the rise and fall of the left turn, highlighting both its transformative potential and the limitations it ultimately found. It summarizes the contributions and contradictions of both social movements and left governments within their political and economic contexts and how these ultimately led to the rise of new authoritarian statism, with its case-specific features.