ABSTRACT
This chapter concerns unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers (both positive and negative) and unconditioned and conditioned punishers. Well, some of the most powerful conditioned reinforcers are social reinforcers-reinforcers provided by other people-such as approval and sometimes simply attention, Dawn answered. Typically, attention is initially paired with unconditioned reinforcers like food, water, and comfort; after it becomes a conditioned reinforcer, to some extent it is maintained as a conditioned reinforcer by being paired with other conditioned reinforcers like conversation or a haircut. Therefore, generalized conditioned reinforcers, such as tokens, are useful in some behavioral interventions. Incidentally, some token economies may have deadlines. In recent years, the people society has shown much concern for the financially disadvantaged. Many societies have invested much time, money, and human resources to help the less fortunate.
