ABSTRACT
This chapter traces the transition from protomodern/premodern to modern insurgencies and COIN taking a global perspective. Eurasia was transformed in the 300 years stretching between circa 1500 and circa 1800 due to radical socio-economic, ideological and climatic changes. The Tokugawa regime was established in 1603 with its headquarters at Edo. When the Korean Army was defeated by the Japanese invading force in 1592, volunteer guerrilla forces known as the righteous armies emerged spontaneously. The Mughal Empire, which was founded by Babur after defeating the Afghan Lodhi Sultan named Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat, was the biggest pre-British empire of South Asia. In North-East India, the Mughals clashed with the Ahoms who were an aggressive group of Shan people. The big agrarian bureaucratic states of Eastern Eurasia were debilitated by the attacks of steppe nomads of Inner Asia.
