ABSTRACT
There are different philosophical theories about what makes something right or wrong. This chapter examines the main theories, putting them to the test by using tools gathered in Chapter Two, and seeking what the different theories helpfully or unhelpfully offer. We examine and refute egoism. We explore the contest between deontology and consequentialism, especially utilitarianism, including rule utilitarianism. Decisive objections to utilitarianism are discovered. Utilitarianism is seen to clash in particular with the requirements of professional ethics. We identify important reasons to concentrate on the virtues. We conclude that we need to be particularly critical of some theories; but if we are careful, we can combine insights from each theory to help to guide ourselves towards correct moral conclusions.
