ABSTRACT
In modern society, determining to what extent should various persons be included (or would like to be included) within the scope of “Zainichi Korean,” and who should not be included (or would like to not be included), has become difficult. Attributes of Zainichi Koreans have also become more complicated, such as persons who were born from parents of North/South Korean, Japanese, and/or other nationalities, referred to as “double” (or “half”). A questionnaire on hate speech and historical awareness was jointly carried out by Zainichi Korean youth organizations in 2013. Although the job category is listed as “commerce,” most work involved waste material collection or working at eating establishments in stores such as the military barracks and or selling makkori (Korean homemade fermented sake) and horumonyaki (beef and pork grilled meat) on the black market.
