ABSTRACT
The smooth and efficient operation of human–machine systems often depends on the efficient processing of written and spoken language. This chapter addresses the role of language and symbol representation in human–machine systems. The chapter begins with a review of the perception of both visual and audio presentation of language and symbols. The comprehension of language and symbols is presented. The communication of health risks, a growing field, is discussed, as is the role of misinformation, or fake news. The chapter ends with a discussion of the role of communication and miscommunication in team settings, and the how good communications results in good team situational awareness.
