ABSTRACT
This chapter examines several challenges to human security. It begins by exploring the concept and then turns to the challenge of poverty. Among poverty-related issues are economic development, foreign investment, and foreign aid, access to global markets, and global debt. The idea of human security emphasizes the welfare of individuals rather than states. Although human security has become a foreign-policy issue for countries like Canada, it attracts less attention and funding than military security. Among factors contributing to poverty in LDCs were inadequate social services for health, education, and lack of clean water. The question of how to measure poverty is not only academic, because the answer influences efforts to combat it. Among the most promising paths to economic development is export growth. High crime rates have a variety of causes including weak governments, poorly paid and corruptible government officials, poverty and unemployment, demand in wealthy states for illicit drugs, poorly paid illegal migrants, and, increasingly, ransomware attacks.
