ABSTRACT
Indigenous European settlers in the Americas had an awkward understanding of equality, from their perception of other races, especially Blacks. They concentrated on their quest for independence, gathering efforts from every racial group for the same agenda. From glaring disenfranchisement to lack of access to a quality life, the inferiorization of the African race was complete and absolute. Africans were subjected to inimical injustices, prejudices of unimaginable proportion, and historically unmatched racial discrimination. Although the abusive racial relationship between Africans and Americans was considered abominable, it was preceded by a history of racial denigration that spanned centuries. This chapter focuses on Africa's resistance to racism and colonialism, the notions of nationalism and Pan-Africanism, and the different expressions of nationalism, including prominent nationalist leaders from various West African regions. It also explores women's contributions to independence struggles, nationalist movements, and the impact of radicalism and unionism.
