ABSTRACT
After the death of Habibullah, when Amanullah became the king, he pledged to fight for the independence of Afghanistan. Amanullah felt the vox populi of the Indian Muslims who rose against the British to protest the defeat of Turkey in the World War I and announced a jihad. The Third Anglo-Afghan War started but ended without any conclusive result. This chapter discusses the details of the circumstances that compelled the British to restore sovereignty to Afghanistan. This chapter provides detailed information about the post-independence era; how Kabul became the center of international diplomacy and intrigues due to its strategic importance when the Russians, British, French, German, Italian, and Turkish embarked on their diplomatic missions and started hiring Afghan sleuths; and how these foreigners got involved in the educational institutions and converted them into rebel-producing factories who killed the Afghan rulers and other officials. This chapter also explains the details of the Musahiban brothers’ constitutional and economic reforms including the famous Helmond Valley irrigation development project.
