ABSTRACT
This chapter covers most methods that are generally classed as observation. In a sense, all data from people are gathered through some form of observation, but the techniques described here mostly involve direct records of participant behaviour as it occurs, rather than methods of requesting information (interview, questionnaire) or of manipulation (experiment). Advantages and disadvantages of the individual or group case study are considered along with some research examples; the case study provides unique information, unavailable by any other method, which may trigger more general and structured research. A set of methods that can avoid some, but not always all, of these hazards is known generally as observational methods. Participant observation is largely a qualitative approach is discussed. If valued, the researcher may be given quite intimate information, but they may be constrained in reporting it if such information is offered in confidence.
