ABSTRACT
Because the concepteur of the decorative program at Civate was a Milanese archbishop, the fourth chapter compares the iconography of the late eleventh-century ciborium of the church of San Pietro al Monte in Civate with the earlier Ottonian ciborium at Sant’Ambrogio in Milan. Archbishop Arnulf III of Milan (1093–7) encouraged penitential pilgrimage to Civate as an alternative to Jerusalem by introducing the ciborium as a porta coeli that invited contemplation of loca sancta in Jerusalem. Moreover, the scene of crucifixion on the ciborium as well as the spatial and functional use of the ciborium reveals an awareness of the Eucharistic significance of the ciborium at the Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia in Ohrid in Macedonia (c. 1050). This church in Ohrid was located on an important pilgrimage route that led from Constantinople along a land route to northern Italy. Archbishop Arnulf more directly encountered Byzantine ideas about the Eucharist at the Council of Piacenza in 1085.
