ABSTRACT
Associations have played an essential role in the definition of Nikkei identities, but also as a social security system for the newly arrived migrants. Chapter 6, therefore, resumes Nikkei associations’ efforts to construct ethnic identity through cultural activities. Whereas religious associations remain seldom in the Japanese diaspora, ethnic associations wish to ensure a favourable representation to the outside while trying to maintain the relation to Japan. However, while joining an association is an unquestioned act especially for the older generations, associations have lost members because of internal tensions and differing expectations. In times of increasing financial difficulties, the future of these associations is uncertain.
