ABSTRACT
Society in Europe has been passing through a state of crisis since the end of the Great War. But crises of one sort or another have always been a feature of past history. They have been going on ever since the economic system based on private capital emerged from a system based on feudal tenure of land. From 1820 to 1848 the gradual recovery of the English economic system from the Napoleonic wars was indicated in a very gradual rise of the curve, which reached in 1848 £10 per head of population. England was beginning to reap the benefits of the political upheavals of former generations. “Birminghamism” fought a war with the Boers to make them construct railways, made from the metals of the English Black Country, to serve the mines. And so the export of engineering construction goods went on apace to develop the produce and minerals of Asia, Africa, and South America.
