ABSTRACT
Chiem Hoa forest enterprise was established in 1962. During its first decade it exploited the natural forest by logging timber. Since 1973, its main responsibility has been was to provide the Bai Bang Paper and Pulp Mill with raw material. The introduction of state forestry in the 1960s challenged the traditional thinking of local farmers. Until then they considered the forest as something given by nature, ownerless, and an endless resource which could be freely used. Now forestry became a commercial venture almost like an agricultural business. The trees needed to grow and be tended to become products.
