ABSTRACT
In the United States, presidents still send troops into battle without declarations of war and governors spare the lives of those on Death Row. Billionaires like Sam Walton changed the face of rural commerce, forcing tens of thousands of country businesses to reinvent themselves or go out of business, while Bill Gates dominated the world of computers as powerfully as Charlemagne ruled Europe. While considered a demonic mass murderer in the United States, in most Arab countries, he gained grudging admiration even among political moderates for his ability to project such a powerful anti-American statement, which temporarily led to the founding of a new caliphate in the Middle East. Leadership also occurs outside organizational settings, relying primarily on paid employees. Although the modern scientific study of leadership dates only from the turn of the twentieth century, interest in leadership defines history from its earliest writings.
