ABSTRACT
Behaviors can be very broadly defined so that there are few categories or they can be very discretely defined with hundreds of items. It is well known that a task-oriented focus tends to increase when there are technical problems, when there is a crisis needing immediate attention, when employees are new or training is deficient, and when clients' or customers' interests are relatively stable and understood. There is a fundamental logic to each behavior domain, and this is well established in the action research literature. Monitoring and assessing work involves gathering and critically evaluating data related to subordinate performance, service or project qualities, and overall unit or organizational performance. While monitoring the work implies a relatively passive set of activities, assessing the work refers to the more active decision-making that occurs once the information has been collected. Operations planning focuses on coordinating tactical issues into a detailed blueprint.
