ABSTRACT
In the 1980s, new theories of leadership emerged that diverged markedly from those that grew out of the Ohio State and University of Michigan studies. Charismatic approaches tend to focus on the personality of the leader and thus show great interest in leader traits, especially mystique, and cultural expectations. In 1987, Conger and Kanungo proposed a theory of charismatic leadership, which they later refined in book-length treatments. The context, according to Conger and Kanungo, has to be problematic in some way for the emergence of charismatic leadership. The more a sense of crisis or emergency exists, the more likely it is that charismatic leadership can emerge and do so flamboyantly. An overpowering sense of self-importance and strong need to be at the center of attention can cause charismatic leaders to ignore the viewpoints of others and the development of leadership ability in followers.
