ABSTRACT
This chapter compares the emergence, development, and outcomes of the post-neoliberal democratization processes in Venezuela and Bolivia. The chapter begins with a brief review of the shared scope conditions which opened space for anti-neoliberal outsiders to emerge, while also highlighting variations in the nature of anti-neoliberal protests and the early form of party-base linkages between the cases. Next, utilizing the relative power framework to explain the similarities and variations in the democratic outcomes in both cases, I develop a typological theory for analyzing anti-neoliberal, outsider-led, post-neoliberal democratization processes. I offer a periodized, internal case comparison of the process in Venezuela and in Bolivia as well as a cross-case comparison. The chapter specifies the pathways through which specific combinations of historic and emergent factors influence the quality of democracy in liberal, participatory, and substantive forms. Such analysis acts as a springboard to discussions in the concluding chapter regarding how we can think productively about the concept of deepening and extending democracy in the 21st century in the face of intensifying conflict over competing solutions to the crisis of representation in contemporary democracies.
