ABSTRACT
Design is fundamentally about specifying how something should be implemented in order to best fulfill its intended purpose. In short, design permeates our experience of the world in the form of various artifacts and technologies. Design is a goal-oriented enterprise. Things are designed so as to make the use of those things easy and pleasant. A grading system is a designed artifact. A merit pay system is another designed artifact. When digital media became commonplace in the 1980s, some designers thought it would be clever and appealing to have an audio clip of important text synchronized with the same text scrolling on the screen. The content designers were linguists and had no background in how to teach a second or third language.
