ABSTRACT
The settlement at Vienna in 1815 did not “restore” Europe to its pre-revolutionary.form. To be sure, it enthroned the principle of “balance” that had already been known under the ancient régime but it established the principle of “legitimacy” as a substitute for the divine right of kings which no longer held. This period also saw the first stirrings of a revolt against Ottoman misrule in Greece and weak Spanish attempts to control their colonies in Latin America, both wrongly portrayed as national revolutions. Statesmen of the period feared liberalism and sought to make conservative nationalism their ally. In this way, “nationalism” timidly entered the modern vocabulary.
