ABSTRACT
This chapter argues that no states other than seemings can be foundational evidence—a position called “seemings exclusivism.” The argument is this: If a candidate state lacks propositional content, then it cannot be foundational evidence because its significance for belief cannot be recognized apart from background evidence, in which case it is not foundational evidence. Those candidates that do have propositional content either present that content to the subject as true or they do not. If they do not, then they cannot immediately justify. If they do, then they are seemings. Thus, the only plausible candidates for foundational evidence are seemings.
