ABSTRACT
This chapter explains how our evaluation of the impact of Pupil Premium funding in England is possible, and how it overcomes the problems and confounds identified in previous chapters. It looks at the gradient in school outcomes linked to the length of individual poverty. Using the National Pupil Database, it shows that a comparison between the schooling of permanently disadvantaged pupils and all other pupils provides two stable comparator groups, the first of which would have been labelled disadvantaged in any historical period.
