ABSTRACT
Most physical mediums have either been discovered in fraud at one time or another, or else the conditions have been strongly suggestive of it. It must not, however, be thought that this is an adequate reason for discarding the medium or for assuming that none of his or her phenomena can be genuine, since it is quite possible that genuine and fraudulent phenomena may be mixed. The system by which mediums are paid by the sitting tends to encourage fraud. By using a quick-period galvanometer or oscillo-graph to record the fluctuations of absorption of the infra-red beam, it was discovered that the strength of this beam was pulsating in synchronism with Rudi’s breathing. The galvanometer oscillated twice for each respiratory cycle, thus corresponding with the two muscular efforts of inspiration and expiration.
