ABSTRACT
In the past few decades we have been witnessing a multiplication of all kinds of new diplomacies ranging from health diplomacy over virtual diplomacy to celebrity diplomacy presented as alternatives or complements to the standard model that we looked at in the first chapter, and which we called state-based diplomacy. The first thing for us to do is to put some order in this panoply of diplomacies. We will distinguish between forms, kinds, ways and means of/for doing diplomacy. Before reviewing some of these new diplomacies we will concentrate on two models that have been with us for some time already: first, ‘bilateral and multilateral diplomacy’ and second, ‘Track I and Track II diplomacy’. We then will move to a ‘non-standard model’ of diplomacy that has gained much traction lately, networked diplomacy, and in its wake say something about virtual diplomacy, a way of doing diplomacy that with the Covid-19 crisis has become prominent. Next, we will study ‘public diplomacy’ which is closely linked to cultural, sports and diaspora diplomacy. We end where we started, with a reflection on the ‘new diplomacies’, on how these relate to new actors which have emerged on the international scene and to new topics that have been added to the diplomat’s agenda, and we close with the question whether these new diplomacies have changed the nature of diplomacy.
