ABSTRACT
Spectator sports were known in ancient China; now, they are a modern industry. Sports and games are conceptually related in that they both are rule-governed and competitive, and both may be played individually or in teams. Sports participation and performance have attracted psychological interest for more than a century and have their own division in the APA. Sports has come to reflect globalization; the European Union has taken the integration of sports and migration seriously for some time. Sports is just one of many cultural events that draw spectators. Spectators may seem like a passive background to the event, but theories of spectatorship, mostly emerging from film and theatre studies but applicable to sports as well. Access pre- and post-game interviews from different regions and compare across regions. Set up a test of sex discrimination as practiced by male fans hearing female sports announcers, and see if this extends to commentary delivered in other languages.
