ABSTRACT
This chapter analyses academic debates within the specific social and historical context of Indonesia, examining the interrelationships between Islam, gender and sexuality through the lens of various histories instead of presenting a chronology of events. To explore these issues, the chapter starts by exploring histories of religion in Indonesian nationalism and politics. It then recounts another history, to inquire how specific genders and sexualities have come into being in Indonesia and what their relationship is to colonialism and the expansion of Islam. Lastly, it presents a third history beginning with current-day Indonesian genders, sexualities and religions to discuss the emergence of political homophobia and moral panics.
