ABSTRACT
All the major countries fighting in World War I were engaged in massive propaganda efforts, and these frequently involved extensive campaigns of misinformation, some of it quite deliberate. From hoaxes about crucifixions and cadaver factories to conspiracy theories about torture, spies, and high-seas predation, the war marked in America both the high point of “total warfare” and the low point of freedom of expression. According to some experts, it signified the nadir of journalistic accuracy, too.
