ABSTRACT
The characteristics and diversity of aquaculture practices in urban and peri-urban settings are reviewed and prospects for continued operation and new developments are assessed. Opportunities for urban and peri-urban culture-based fisheries and shellfish and seaweed culture for enhanced ecosystem services are critically reviewed. Large-scale aquatic plant cultivation around cities in Southeast Asia is described, and prospects for aquaponics for crop and livelihoods diversification are considered. Development of niche aquaponics systems, notably in the USA, are reviewed and their potential elsewhere is assessed. Opportunities and constraints to urban aquaculture sector growth, focusing on multifunctional recirculating systems in Europe and North America and ornamental production in Asia, are reviewed. Factors prompting the emergence of small-scale commercial aquaculture in Africa are reviewed and the contribution it could make to livelihoods, economic development and resilient food systems is assessed. The status of wastewater-fed aquaculture, including recent developments in the East Kolkata Wetlands, India, is assessed, as are prospects for future developments. Alternative strategies to convert waste resources to valuable aquatic products are considered, notably using intermediaries and appropriate biorefinery processes. Critical insights are presented based on a DPSIR (drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses) framework analysis of safe wastewater reuse through aquaculture globally.
