ABSTRACT
After exploring the different variations of extractivism, it becomes clear that each variation of extractivism actually portrays differentiated outcomes and implications but with similar trends across different classes within the peasantry. Similar to efficiency-driven investments, the implications of the implementation of green policies include land expropriation followed by the known implications of resource grabbing on rural households that highly rely on land for their subsistence. Additionally, labour exploitation is also observed in relatively intensive labour investments such as biofuel production and tree plantations. The point is that there is an underlying common issue regarding extractivism present in all study sites that it is done through cutting into the necessary consumption and self-exploitation of labour of rural lives and households. Whether it is by expropriation of land and forest resources or by further exploiting rural women’s labour to subsidize household’s social reproduction or even by extracting emission rights. Thus, this chapter looks at the implications of resource grabbing under extractivism, looking specifically at the role of land, labour and nature as key determinants of rural livelihoods and social reproduction.
