ABSTRACT
The fastest growing and the most carbon-intensive global source of greenhouse gas emissions is the transportation sector, and the most neglected components of that sector are international aviation and shipping. Together, the rapidly growing international aviation and shipping emissions presently contribute about 5 percent of all CO2 emissions, and as much as 8–10 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions. Even with the dissipating multi-year effects of the COVID pandemic that sharply curtailed international passenger aviation and accelerated some global shipping, the steady growth of both sectors will continue, the inclinations of the international and national government agencies and industry actors are well established, and civil society monitoring and activism continues. Despite the crucial role of national emissions targets, plans, and strategies, the Paris Agreement goals are unreachable without effective regulation of the two international sectors not covered by the Agreement – International shipping and aviation.
