ABSTRACT
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and International Maritime Organization designs and processes must be considered in order to explain the attempts to regulate global greenhouse gas emissions. It is essential to assess at least their technical focus, transparency, representation, decision-making by executive bodies, and restricted access to meetings and processes, as well as how they respond to external signals and pressures. With regard to their technical domains, such as airport and port operations, the ICAO has established agreed standards and guidelines that were transmitted back to the relevant national agency for implementation. In the ICAO, the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) takes the initiative or leadership roles with regard to environmental regulation, while still reporting to the Council. CAEP membership has expanded in steps from 13 to 23, and then 31 most recently. Along with extensive lobbying efforts, industry has long enjoyed substantial access to the inner operations of the ICAO.
