ABSTRACT
This chapter proceeds from alternative pathways involving first the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO), and other international agencies, to those led by multilateral or regional initiatives by sets of national governments, bilateral government efforts, individual non-profit organizations, and finally individual and group efforts by private firms. One important and accelerating unintended consequence of the IMO 2020 reduced sulfur fuel standard appears to be a shift to fueling at least some types of ships with liquified natural gas. With regard to the ICAO and the clearly insufficient present state of emissions controls for international aviation, alternative approaches might be worth consideration. Green shipping corridors are intended to bolster the adoption of green energy in the shipping industry, and attempts to implement such projects have emerged locally and internationally by agents in both the public and private sectors.
