ABSTRACT
Policies are the product of cultural values, history, and politics, and where cultural values, histories, and political habits, institutions, principles, priorities, and challenges differ, policies are likely to differ as well. Policy also is influenced by the available repertoire of international policy instruments, models, and norms. Understanding how different cultural policies and cultural policy systems arise helps to explain why some governments seem to consider culture integral to their work while others view culture as a marginal concern or why some governments have developed notable policy innovations. This chapter reviews the several typologies put forward to compare cultural policies, and reviews the four archetypal cultural policies of the US, USSR, UK, and France. The chapter goes on to describe two additional models of cultural policy, one from Brazil and one associated with Pan-Indigeneity. The discussion closes by outlining a range of global cultural policy norms including cultural aspects of human rights and rights to heritage and cultural diversity.
