ABSTRACT
At the time of Independence, India’s borders with its neighbours were not well defined, and were at various stages of evolution. Some borders were demarcated on the ground; others were only delineated on the map; a few were not even defined. Jawaharlal Nehru always believed that India will not be invaded by any power from any side because of the existence of a balance of power in the world. Territorial claims and border disputes leading to wars and conflicts with Pakistan and China were the two major threats that impacted national security. However, the rise of separatist movements in the Northeast, Punjab, and J&K since the mid-50s, made these border regions extremely vulnerable to a number of non-conventional threats such as infiltration, gun running, narcotics trafficking, and so on. Attempts by terrorists and militants to infiltrate into Indian territory from Pakistan through the international boundary has been a recurring challenge.
