ABSTRACT
Anatomy of the spine is described beginning with evolution of the human spine. Vertebral bones and jones are described in detail, with ligament anatomy and biomechanics considered. Spinal disc structure is explained with clinical biomechanics related. Facet joint anatomy and function is discussed with the effects of ageing considered. Disc injury and healing is discussed. Sacroiliac joint structure and function is discussed with form and force closure described. Axial compression of the spine is considered with reference to the vertebral bodies, discs, and facet joints. Gross movement of the spine is highlighted, and differentiation made between flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion. Lumbar-pelvic rhythm is defined. The mechanics of bending and lifting is considered with the flexion relaxation response explained. Hamstring muscle activity in bending is considered and lifting methods discussed. Stabilisation mechanisms of the lumbar spine are debated with posterior ligaments, thoracolumbar fascia, and muscle action discussed. Deep and superficial trunk muscles are described and research in this area reviewed. Abdominal muscle action is considered with EMG research findings used to highlight function. Intra-abdominal pressure is discussed in relation to spinal stabilisation, and motor control strategies debated. Palpation and surface marking of the low back is described.
