ABSTRACT
This chapter covers the analysis of operational amplifiers and their applications. Operational amplifiers, which are often called op-amps, have two inputs (inverted and non-inverted), one output, and dual power supply terminals. Analysis is first applied to an ideal op-amp (infinite open-loop gain, infinite input impedance, and zero output impedance) so that the voltage gain and frequency response can be easily determined. The chapter also discusses how to minimize the output dc offset voltage for practical op-amps with input dc bias current and input dc offset voltage. A number of audio applications for op-amps is discussed. They include the phono-stage amplifier, tone-control amplifier, graphic equalizer, dc servo, dc regulated power supply, and the composite op-amp.
