ABSTRACT
The organization of the then ruling Congress party and of administrative and judicial offices in the state was on an hierarchical basis, i.e., each lower office was under the control and supervision of a higher one. During the period of Partap S. Kairon’s rule the administration became a ‘controlled bureaucracy’. The candidate to be elected to the State Assembly from constituencies in the various local areas of the province were effectively chosen by a paarti, and paartis competed in elections for the success of their representatives. Factions depend on vertical relationships, and where factions are strong, horizontal ties are noticeable by their absence. Thus Jat society is a society with no defined social strata; likewise, caste cannot be said to produce strong groupings, and there are few effective political alignments on the basis of caste.
