ABSTRACT
It is less about the structure and the composition of the students within the class and more about the climate, the culture, the sense of belonging, and the class being an inviting place for students to want to come and learn. There are three major categories of within-class effects: the composition of the class, management of the class, and classroom climate. The highest classroom effects relate to classroom cohesion, teacher-student relations, friendship, and a sense of belonging. The lowest effects relate to the more structural aspects of classes: open vs. traditional, tracking or streaming, reducing class size, and classroom grouping. The more negative effects are bullying, retention, feeling of being disliked, overdependence on the teacher, and suspension and expulsion.
