ABSTRACT
The methods of science consist of refinements of the physiological sensory method by which we learn to understand the details of the world around us. The botanist sees the trees as species and varieties; the forester as a vast tree domain comprising mature and young, healthy and diseased trees, with animals and pests causing damage, and so on. The application of scientific principles may find a solution to a complex biological problem, but not necessarily by using presently known techniques. The life sciences, which include zoology, botany, physiology, microbiology and their subdivisions such as parasitology, embryology and oncology, deal with systems, not simple entities such as those with which the physicist and chemist operate.
