ABSTRACT
The Reformation under Martin Luther signalled the change from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era, when the Northern economy followed the course that eventually gave rise to modern capitalism. The civil economy was developed by Antonio Genovesi, a modern philosopher with roots in Catholic and Thomist traditions, whereas the modern political economy emerged in the framework of Scottish Calvinism. The Reformation was a turning point in Christianity, laying the foundation for the enlightenment and enabling other churches to take strides towards modernity and independence. The Counter-Reformation, which centred on the function of ecclesiastical authority and its standards of truth, was a response to Luther's Reformation. It led to the development of sins, prohibitions and anathemas, resulting in the development of a sophisticated system for classifying mistakes and heresies. The Counter-Reformation also led to a revival of Purgatory, macabre dances and baroque churches. This reaction to Luther's Reformation blocked the first season of internal renewal, resulting in the restoration of ancient mixed practices that became a distinctive trait of the Catholic Church.
