ABSTRACT
Smoking was identified as a risk factor in several studies. Whether it causes depression or is a marker for it remains to be seen. But it strongly co-occurs with depression to the point that one article recommended screening for smoking as a proxy for screening for depression. Young maternal age and low income were also risk factors for depression in both US and international samples. Finally, maternity leave lowers mothers’ risk of depression. That is especially pertinent in the United States, which has no paid maternity leave.
