ABSTRACT
This chapter explores inclusion in terms of access to basic utilities. It illustrates the different modes of utility service provision in two neighborhoods. This chapter discusses the differences in the inclusion levels of the two neighborhoods in terms of basic utilities. For example, how the BRP residents received utilities from the state due to their legal housing whereas due to the lack of proper housing ownership documentation, Korail people did not have formal access to water, sanitation, waste management, electricity, and gas. This chapter also describes how the residents of Korail have access to the utilities through various processes. For example, community participation with local government institutions, INGOs and NGOs did get them some access to formal utilities in Korail. In addition to social networks through community participation, Korail residents also become involved in politics to get utilities from formal channels. When they failed to get utilities directly from formal service providers, residents informally arranged for the utilities through political networks and by offering bribes. It also argues that for Korail residents, claims to these material elements, such as water, sanitation, waste management, electricity, and cooking gas, are not only about utility inclusion but also demand for inclusive citizenship with entitlement rights, belonging, and recognition. Claims to utilities are thus both about citizenship as a form of recognition and also claims to the essential benefits that help to rethink about the city service plan.
