ABSTRACT
This chapter sketches the social position and attitudes of various types of persons involved in the process of musical production in various social settings and at various historical stages. Beginning with the nineteenth century, stage masters received special training in the technique of directing the dramatic part of performances. Concerning music theoreticians and musicologists, much less is known about their role in foreign countries in comparison with information on singers, instrumentalists, and other musicians. The amount of investigation made in music theory and music history in the past by Germans is certainly much larger than that made by native scholars of other countries. Some kinds of music are not equally performed by members of both sexes; certain performances may even be restricted to one sex. Women have performed less frequently as instrumentalists than as singers.
