ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses the following questions. First, what is the relationship between culture and industrialization? Second, what was the role of the state in promoting industrialization? Third, what social and political factors help to explain the conflicting development experiences of late industrializers? Fourth, how did the world market help to shape the successes and failures of late industrializers? Fifth, what was the relationship between industrialization and social development? In Indonesia ethnicity has also played a role in state—society relations, but more important has been the development of an alliance of senior state bureaucrats, a “client bourgeoisie”, and the oil companies and manufacturing industries which lead the process of capital accumulation. The more capital-intensive industrialization processes in India and Brazil effectively marginalized most women from manufacturing employment in the formal sector. In Taiwan the government's policy of promoting small-scale industry in rural areas has in some senses backfired as industries have been set up in rice fields, along waterways.
