ABSTRACT
This chapter concerns debates around the relationship between industrialization and development. However, from the late 1960s onwards such certainties were increasingly challenged on the grounds that industrialization and economic growth were not the same as development, and that output had expanded without meeting the basic needs of the population. Kitching then moves on to argue a case for large-scale industrialization based on economies of scale. These economies derived from investment in large-scale, capital-intensive technologies which have the effect of decreasing the unit cost of production as the volume of output increases. The populist critique of industrialization is rooted in the social consequences of industrialization in early-nineteenth-century Europe, and Britain in particular. Finally, anti-development theory's case against industrialization is very close to a mirror-image of the technocratic optimism of the most excessive growth-based theorist.
